Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces ATP. The stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
During cellular respiration, a glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Along the way, some ATP is produced directly in the reactions that transform glucose. Much more ATP, however, is produced later in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is powered by the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain, a series of proteins embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
These electrons come originally from glucose and are shuttled to the electron transport chain when they gain electrons.
As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix, forming a gradient. Protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water. Glycolysis can take place without oxygen in a process called fermentation. The other three stages of cellular respiration—pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation—require oxygen in order to occur. Only oxidative phosphorylation uses oxygen directly, but the other two stages can't run without oxidative phosphorylation.). As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix, forming a gradient. Protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water.
Glycolysis can take place without oxygen in a process called fermentation. The other three stages of cellular respiration—pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation—require oxygen in order to occur. Only oxidative phosphorylation uses oxygen directly, but the other two stages can't run without oxidative phosphorylation.
There are a number of amino acids that have formed under certain environmental conditions if the required elements are present and the energy conditions ar compatible with chemical assembly. These conditions have also allegedly formed amino acids on meteors, asteroids and comets.
But, amino acids are a very minor component of more complex biochemical assemblies required for life. Pentose sugars are also required, which form under different environmental conditions than amino acids. More importantly, only left-handed homochiral amino acids and right-handed homochiral sugars can form functioning biochemical assemblies that are viable in an organism. But, natural conditions, like hydrothermal vents only produce racemic versions of sugars and acids, meaning they are always approx. 50% left and right handed. This is fatal to forming viable biochemical assemblies.
Further, it is not possible for all of the 20+ homochiral amino acids needed for a living organism to form naturally. The only ones found have been the simpler amino acids. Also, the 4 critical nucleotide amino acids, C, G, A, T, do not form naturally, are not homochiral, nor in the right proportions.
The geo/hydrothermal vent conjecture is nonsensical. These are open systems, susceptible to currents, mineral contamination, salinity, ph, and temperature, making them a totally unacceptable environment for the precise and exact placement of elements to assemble to form life.
Answer:
deposition
Explanation:
Hope this helps and have a great day!!!!
Answer:
by the movement of electricity
Answer:
5.) The possible genotypes should be: RR RB BB ( if the could for the same proteins)
6.) Frequency of R: 0.5
7.)Frequency of R: 0.5
8.)Frequency of R: 0.375
Explanation:
5.) If R and B code for the different forms of the same protein then they are only a few possible out comes
6.) First calculate the total alleles in population
allele R= 40
Allele B=40
total allele = R+B= 40+40
=80
Now to find allele R frequency is:
(Total R alleles) / (Total allele in pop)
40/80=
0.5
7.)Calculate the total alleles
Alleles from for R
RR= 10
R=10x 2= 20
Multiply the value by 2 because there are 2 R alleles present in
RB=20
R=20
Number doesn't change there is only 1 R allele
Total R=20+20
=40
Alleles For B
BB=10
B=10×2
=20
Same thing here, two B alleles together so multiple by 2
RB=20
B=20
Total B= 20+20
=40
Total alleles in pop add
40+40
=80
Frequency of R
Total of R/Total Alleles
=40/80
=0.5
8.)Repeat the same thing in 7 but use different numbers
RR=10
R=10x2
=20
RB=10
R=10
Total R= 20+10
=30
