To start off your first one , it means when they first settled in England, the settlement wasn’t good enough along with the environment
Democratization of voting or universal (white) male suffrage--during the 1820s many states removed the property ownership requirement for voting and specially allowing white men to vote exclusively.
These new suffrage policies made a clear distinction between males and females and between black and white. Industrial work became a valid place of work and gave workers a voice through voting but made clear gender and racial distinction in the US.
Answer:
They aimed for the Ottoman Empire to become a secular monarchy.
Explanation:
There were multiple reasons the War of 1812 happened, one of them being that Britain and France were battling, which caused Britain to restrict French trade from the United States, which didn't make Americans happy. Another reason was the United Kingdom didn't want the United States to expand and become powerful, as they may be deemed as a threat, so they supported Natives in keeping their land so Americans couldn't expand. The last reason I know of, was Britain would capture some of our troops and force them to join their army. These things lead to the War of 1812, which was followed by peace between the United Kingdom and the United States.