Cell replication is meant to be a very regulated process. Messages are sent to the cell, telling it when to duplicate and when not to. When cells divide according to their natural plan, then there are no problems. However, when cells either do not receive those messages or misinterpret them, they can divide too fast and without pause. These renegade cells are what we call cancer cells.
The conditions mentioned are both a type of sclerosis, which refers to the hardening of a certain anatomical feature.
In atherosclerosis, the affected <u>anatomical feature </u>is the artery. This is a condition that causes the <u>obstructions </u>of <u>blood flow </u>through the artery as a result of plaque buildup along the artery walls. Unlike with MS, atherosclerosis does not present symptoms until the obstructions are severe or the plaque loosens, which can lead to <em>heart attacks</em>, among other consequences.
In the case of Multiple Sclerosis, the affected anatomical structure is that of the nerve. This is a condition for unknown reasons, causes the <u>immune system </u>to attack the myelin covers of nerve cells which act to protect the cell. The absence of this cover causes the build-up of plaque along the nerve axon, <u>stiffening </u>and <u>disrupting </u>the communication of the nerves with the central nervous system.
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Yes you do because you’re energy will get worn out so you will get tired
Answer:
AaBb × aabb
Explanation:
A test cross is a cross between an unknown genotype (dominant phenotype) with a homozygous recessive genotype in order to discover the actual genotype of the species exhibiting dominant phenotype.
This is because one allele of a gene is capable of masking the expression of another, the allele masking is called DOMINANT allele while the allele being masked is called RECESSIVE allele. The combination of these two alleles is termed heterozygosity.
An organism that is phenotypically dominant for a specific trait may either be heterozygous or homozygous for that gene. For example, a plant gene for tallness with an dominant allele T, and recessive allele t. This plant will need tall if the genotype is TT (homozygous dominant) or Tt (heterozygous dominant). In order to know which of these genotypes the plant actually has, a test cross is conducted.
In this example, two genes A and B are involved. For the first gene, A represents dominant allele while a represents recessive allele. For the second gene, B represents dominant allele while b represents recessive allele.
In a cross involving parents AABB (homozygous dominant for both genes) and aabb (homozygous recessive for both genes), the F1 progeny will all exhibit phenotypic dominance (AaBb).
However, we cannot know the genotype by merely looking at the phenotype. We cannot ascertain yet whether the dominance is heterozygous or homozygous, hence the need for a test cross.
The test cross is between the dominant F1 progeny and a homozygous recessive i.e. AaBb × aabb. Some of the F2 generation will show recessive traits if the unknown genotype is heterozygous.
The answer would be, "Thylakoids"
