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In 1949, the prospect of further Communist expansion prompted the United States and 11 other Western nations to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Soviet Union and its affiliated Communist nations in Eastern Europe founded a rival alliance, the Warsaw Pact, in 1955. The alignment of nearly every European nation into one of the two opposing camps formalized the political division of the European continent that had taken place since World War II. This alignment provided the framework for the military standoff that continued throughout the Cold War.
1. The Inuit live in the Arctic regions of North America, a very inhospitable environment. This community faces the problem of living in a tundra climate, constantly covered by snow and ice. However, they have developed innovative methods of transportation and housing.
The Inuit developed the kayak to travel through the icy water and for hunting. They also developed dog sleds, which allowed them to travel on land.
In terms of housing, they developed the igloo (a temporary shelter made from snow) to live during the winter, and the tupiq (a tent made out of animal skin).
2. The Northeastern cultures of the U. S. found an innovative way to reduce conflict, of which they suffered constantly, in the form of the Iroquois Confederacy.
The Confederacy was created in 1142 by the Great Peacemaker (<em>Deganawida</em>). It brought together five nations of the southern Great Lakes area into the “Great League of Peace.” The Iroquois remained an undivided political unit until the Revolutionary War.
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Unlike the largely negative liberties added to the U.S. Constitution in Bill of Rights ("Congress shall make no law..."), the Texas Constitution asserts the rights of citizens at the outset in Article 1. With its more positive tone the Texas Bill of Rights provides much the same protections as the U.S. Bill of Rights.
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