As the country dragged into chaos and civil war the British played Indian National Congress and Muslim League off one another. Thus inevitably long term commitment of British to Indian unity was no longer valid.
The biggest challenges faced by the Jewish settlers who arrived in
Israel
beginning in the 1880s was introducing modern agricultural methods
to an
ancient culture.
Mosquito-borne disease in the wetlands represented another
challenge.
The spread of the Italian innovations and art was spraeding to Europe (THIS IS WHAT SET OFF THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE, IT WAS LIKE A CONTAGIOUS DISEASE OF INNOVATION)
The cities of italy also grew and expanded in size and in power as well
