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Mandarinka [93]
3 years ago
5

Explain how vaccines work? Using the words virus, immune system, white blood cells, memory cells and vaccine

Biology
1 answer:
zloy xaker [14]3 years ago
6 0
Vaccines work by training the immune system to recognize and combat pathogens, either viruses or bacteria. In order to do this, certain molecules from the pathogen need to be introduced into the body to trigger an immune response. These molecules are called antigens, and they’re present on all viruses and bacteria. Memory cells are then formed to remember the same pathogen for faster antibody production in future infections. Vaccinations increase the level of circulating antibodies against a certain antigen. Antibodies are produced by a type of white blood cell (lymphocyte) called B cells.
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3 years ago
True or false species can vary locally
siniylev [52]

Answer:

True

Explanation:

This is true because species can vary locally.

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Which of the following are useful traits of cloning vectors?
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Answer:

The correct answer is option - e. all of the above are useful traits.

Explanation:

A cloning vector is a small segment of DNA that can be established stably in an individual organism and able to internalize a foreign DNA for cloning purposes. The cloning vector could be taken from different organisms such as plasmid of a bacterium, or DNA from a virus. A cloning vector must possess some characteristics -  

The cloning vector must be self-replicating ability in the host cells, it should be small in size with restriction site for the restriction endonuclease enzymes in it. The replication character of the vector should not interfere with the internalized DNA fragment. The presence of marker genes in the vector is also a property that is helpful in identifying of recombinant cells.

Thus, the correct answer is option - e. all of the above are useful traits.

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