The answer is option C: this was a war seen by the Filipinos as a continuation of their independence while it was seen by the American government as an insurrection.
The armed conflict between The USA and the First Philippine Republic took place in 1899. It began when the latter refused to consent to the Treaty of Paris, in which the Kingdom of Spain renounced to the domain of the Philippines in favor of The United States.
For the Filipinos, the war extended from the military fight against the Kingdom of Spain that started in 1896, whereas the Americans considered it a refusal of obedience.
Answer: The first option, "The mayor of a city takes a bribe from a contractor and rewards the contractor a big city job."
Explanation:
To graft is to obtain gains in either politics or business
<span>c. judicial review
Judicial review is the duty of the Supreme Court to review laws for constitutionality. This is the check the Court has over the other two branches.
Judicial review was established during the Marshall Court in the case of Marbury v. Madison. John Marshall made a statement in the decision that the job of the Supreme Court was to review laws. </span>
Depending on the time, it could be the Phoenicians ( I think this is the best answer; this is what they're known for best) or later in time, the Romans (but they had colonies also elsewhere).