Explanation:
Four bases () form up to 64 codons which form amino acids; these can be arranged into several different proteins that make up cells, tissues and organisms.
Further explanation:
Nucleic acids are comprised of smaller units called nucleotides and function as storage for the body’s genetic information. These monomers include ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). They differ from other macromolecules since they don’t provide the body with energy. They exist solely to encode and protein synthesis.
Basic makeup: C, H, O, P; they contain phosphate group 5 carbon sugar, these nitrogen bases which may contain single to double bond ring.
DNA stores all of an organism’s genetic information. Its molecules comprise the nitrogenous bases Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine and Thymine. These pair up as base pairs due to their varied structure- largely influenced by the location of N molecule ;
- N at while cytosine and thymine are formed from pyrimidines- N at position 1 and 3 of a fused ring;
- Guanine and adenine are formed from organic compounds called purines (pyramidines fused to another organic ring of imidazole.
- Each base pair contains a purine and pyrimidine joined via hydrogen bonding e.g. A-T & G-C and are called base complements.
- In certain combinations, these bases form codons which act as instructions for protein synthesis. Codons are three nucleotide bases encoding an amino acid or signal at the beginning or end of protein synthesis.
RNA codons determine certain amino acids, so the order in which the bases occur within in the codon sequence designates which amino acid is to be made bus with the four RNA nucleotides (Adenine, Cysteine and Uracil). Up to 64 codons (with 3 as stop codons) determine amino acid synthesis. The stop codons ( UAG UGA UAA) terminate amino acid/ protein synthesis while the start codon AUG begins protein synthesis.
Thus, these contribute to the broad diversity of living organisms, as varied combinations of these 64 codons can produce many proteins which can be organized into cells, tissues and organisms.
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