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Calhoun said slavery was a "necessary evil" and "positive good" that helped slaves and owners. 
'To protect minority rights against majority rule,' he called for a concurrent majority by which 'the minority could block some proposals that it felt infringed on their liberties.'
Explanation:
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There was no unified command and defenses were not put into place. The Japanese were able to approach Pearl Harbor without warning and without being detected.
        
             
        
        
        
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Explanation: Independence, see List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America. Wikipedia has articles on most of the major episodes of civil unrest.  
 
        
             
        
        
        
The answer to the question is B. Jainism. It was founded by Mahavira in the sixth century and the goal of the religion is to achieve liberation of the soul. It is a prehistoric religion that originated in India and teaches the way to liberation and happiness is to live a life without harm and renunciation.