Answer:
Differential survival indicates that a particular advantageous trait is benefiting a species, allowing the species to survive and produce more offspring. In the case of the Fogg Dam toad, it is evident that they are highly invasive as a species because they have the beneficial traits of long legs and the ability to move both during the day and at night. They also move much faster per day than the established toads in this area. The species passed along these traits to their offspring, giving their babies the ability to run even faster to continue to survive the invasion.
Answer:Objective: To determine the combined effect of oxygen level and glucose concentration on cell viability, ATP production, and matrix synthesis of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc cells.
Design: TMJ disc cells were isolated from pigs aged 6-8 months and cultured in a monolayer. Cell cultures were preconditioned for 48 h with 0, 1.5, 5, or 25 mM glucose DMEM under 1%, 5%, 10%, or 21% O2 level, respectively. The cell viability was measured using the WST-1 assay. ATP production was determined using the Luciferin-Luciferase assay. Collagen and proteoglycan synthesis were determined by measuring the incorporation of [2, 3-(3)H] proline and [(35)S] sulfate into the cells, respectively.
Results: TMJ disc cell viability significantly decreased (P < 0.0001) without glucose. With glucose present, decreased oxygen levels significantly increased viability (P < 0.0001), while a decrease in glucose concentration significantly decreased viability (P < 0.0001). With glucose present, decreasing oxygen levels significantly reduced ATP production (P < 0.0001) and matrix synthesis (P < 0.0001). A decreased glucose concentration significantly decreased collagen synthesis (P < 0.0001). The interaction between glucose and oxygen was significant in regards to cell viability (P < 0.0001), ATP production (P = 0.00015), and collagen (P = 0.0002) and proteoglycan synthesis (P < 0.0001).
Conclusions: Although both glucose and oxygen are important, glucose is the limiting nutrient for TMJ disc cell survival. At low oxygen levels, the production of ATP, collagen, and proteoglycan are severely inhibited. These results suggest that steeper nutrient gradients may exist in the TMJ disc and it may be vulnerable to pathological events that impede nutrient supply.
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