All I know is part A to the question :The geography of India greatly influenced the location of early settlements on the subcontinent. Both the Indus and the Ganges rivers carried rich silt from the mountains to the plains. When the rivers flooded, the silt spread over the plains and made the soil in the river valleys fertile for farming.
Confused on what you mean. Can you elaborate?
The first four Caliphs were Abu Bakr<span>, </span>Umar<span>, </span>Uthman<span>, and Ali
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It was formed to help aid the military at first but then became a wide spread organization
