Answer:
The simultaneous effect of a predator population on a prey population and a prey population on a predator population over time.
Explanation:
The mathematical models of Lotka-Volterra equations explain the existing interaction between species in which prey and predator influence and affect each other. The model follows a few assumptions,
- The ecosystem is isolated and closed. There is no migration.
- The whole individuals are reproductively equivalent.
- In the absence of the predator, prey shows an exponential growth rate. The prey is in the ideal environment.
- When there is no prey, the predator population decreases exponentially because of the lack of food. The predator environment is ideal, but it is limited by prey density.
- The predation rate is proportional to the encounters rate, which also depends on density.
- The predators affect the prey populations, inducing its decrease proportionally to the number of prey and predators present.
- The prey population also influences the predator population proportionally to the number of encounters between the two species.
In these equations, the variable D is the number of predators, and P the number of prey items.
The parameters are always constant:
• r1: prey growth rate.
• a1: predator hunting success.
• r2: predator growth rate.
• a2: the success of the predator in hunting and feeding.
In nature, many factors affect interactions, such as dense-dependent factors and dense-independent factors. Also, in reality, there are stochastic factors. Stochasticity refers to the variability in the system involving those factors that are affecting or influencing population growth. Stochasticity might be related to good years and bad years for population growth.
In real situations, the compliance of the whole assumption does not occur. The previously mentioned constants might vary, constantly changing the interaction between the predator and the prey. These parameters change in different degrees, resulting in varying circumstances for both species.
Amphibia,
Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia are included in the group Tetrapoda. The
correct answer between all the choices given is the second choice. I am hoping
that this answer has satisfied your query and it will be able to help you in
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Answer:
You will need to draw a punnett square to determine the exact genotype and ratio. Black smooth fur would be of the genotype BB/Bb and rr genotype.
Explanation:
Answer:
The correct answer is - option B.
Explanation:
The diversity of numbers of proteins in the human body is due to the differences in the structure of proteins. This change or difference in the structure of proteins is mainly affected by the sequence of amino acids.
The order of sequence of amino acid segment or residue in the peptide chain of the protein affects the structure of the particular protein which also leads to change in the secondary and tertiary structure of the protein.
Thus, the correct answer is - option B.
Evolution:
. Natural selection
. prehistoric times
. fossils
. certain body parts
. animals that are different but have similar traits
