Answer:Islam
The Islamic empire had its roots in the career of the Prophet Muhammad (d. 632 C.E./II A.H.) and initially came into existence as a consequence of the extensive conquests on which Muhammad's followers embarked immediately after his death. During the empire's first two centuries, the ad hoc and sometimes tribally based governing structures of the conquest period were gradually replaced by more systematically organized bureaucratic institutions; in some cases, the Islamic empire drew on structures and traditions of the Byzantine or Sassanian empires as models for these institutions.
Rise and Expansion of Islam, 610-945
In the early 7th century, Arab Muslim armies spread out from the Arabian Peninsula into the surrounding lands and, in a wave of expansion that lasted about a hundred years, conquered almost the entire Middle East and North Africa.
Patoral People on the Global Stage: the Mongols, 1200-1500
Mongol Period
THE MONGOLS in central Asia formed a new empire under Temujin (1167 to 1227), who rapidly expanded the empire by use of strategy and his military machine, employing discipline, extraordinary mobility (especially on horseback), espionage, terror, and superior siege material.
Mongols
The Mongols, who created the largest connected land empire in world history, originated as a group in eastern Mongolia that in the early thirteenth century came under the leadership of Genghis Khan. When they first appeared on the historical stage, they were pastoral nomads, migrating several times a year to find grass and water for their animals.
Explanation:
Purpose of Muslim observatories is to make astronomical tables and to invent astronomical instruments.
<u>Explanation:</u>
There has been great contribution by the Muslim scientists in the field of science and technology. The scientist who is said to be the first to invent a telescope is also a Muslim scientist only.
It has been said that the major purpose of the Islamic or Muslim observatories was to make astronomical tables. The developments of great and developed and modern astronomical instruments which were used for great observations also was done in the era of Islamic world.
I think it c. Farmer with experience and skill.
Of commodities that contributed to the expansion of the global economy in the 19th century include: Opium produced in the Middle East or South Asia and exported to China. Cotton grown in South Asia, Egypt, the Caribbean, or North America and exported to Great Britain and other European countries.
Or
A range of cultural, religious, and racial ideologies were used to justify imperialism, including Social Darwinism, nationalism, the concept of the civilizing mission, and the desire to religiously convert indigenous populations.