The answer is B) Limiting factors.
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<h2>Answer</h2>
By the attraction between atomic particles of opposite charge
<u>Explanation</u>
An ionic bond is created by the attraction between atomic particles of opposite charge because when the charges are unlike they attract and in this type of attraction there is a complete transfer of charges. In the ionic bond complete transfer of charges takes place. Ionic bonds are formed between elements which have electronegativity changes greater than 1.4 or less than that. It is formed by a combination of cation and anion.
D.<span> layers of porous rock or sand
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Explanation:
Echinoderms belong to a very diverse phylum of marine-dwelling invertebrates, which have integral roles in salt water aquatic ecosystems. They comprise brittle stars, starfish, sea-urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers. They have distinct characteristics, they:
- are only marine animals.
- show bilateral symmetry as larvae, and radial symmetry as adults
- show three layers (germ)
- show complex-level organisation, i.e. organs are seen
- have a fluid-filled body cavity
Learn more about other phyla at brainly.com/question/9504034
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Lichens are typically the first organisms to colonize bare rock. They are therefore the pioneer species in primary succession. Many organisms require soil before they can colonize an area. Lichens that colonize bare rock secrete acids that break down the rock and start the soil-production process.
