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The national hero, the initiator of the accession of the Spanish Florida, Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) led the country at 62, but the age did not prevent him from showing himself as one of the most active presidents in history. For authoritarian manners, the active use of the veto, and shaking up the entire government mechanism in order to appoint loyal supporters to key posts, Jackson earned the people the nickname "King Andrew." However, this did not prevent him from being reelected in 1832 for a second term and becoming a real symbol of the era of classical American democracy (which is often called “Jacksonian”).
Among the events of the Jackson administration, two episodes deserve attention, when the strengthening of presidential power played a key role in determining the course of the country's further development. The first episode is related to an attempt by South Carolina to refuse to comply with federal laws on import trade duties. Southern cotton producers did not like the policy of industrial protectionism pursued by the federal center in the interests of the northern and western states, and the southerners, led by Jackson's first vice president John Calhoun, decided in 1832 to oppose protectionism to the so-called "The doctrine of nullification." President Jackson’s reaction was instantaneous: US Army units were sent to South Carolina, and only the intervention of the “master of compromises,” Henry Clay, helped to avoid a civil war. South Carolina was content with promises of a gradual reduction in fees and repealed its nullification laws.
If in the case of the Carolina revolt, Jackson acted contrary to his own ideology (he was an opponent of the increase in duties), on the basis of authoritarian approaches, then in another famous episode, the president exercised not only his power, but also his aspirations. It is about the elimination of the National Bank of the United States, the famous brainchild of Alexander Hamilton. In 1833, Jackson withdrew federal funds from the bank’s accounts, thereby inflicting a blow, as he believed, on the east coast elite, “dragging a financial noose around the neck of the American people.” Supporters of the president were delighted, but in the long run the decision had many negative consequences: the financial sector for many decades got out of direct government control.
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The Dawes Plan/ Young Plan helped Germany to start to rebuild after WW1.
Explanation:
Dawes: The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was a plan in 1924 that successfully resolved the issue of World War I reparations that Germany had to pay. It ended a crisis in European diplomacy following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles.
The plan provided for an end to the Allied occupation, and a staggered payment plan for Germany's payment of war reparations. Because the Plan resolved a serious international crisis, Dawes shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925 for his work.
It was an interim measure and proved unworkable. The Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it. (from wiki article on Dawes Plan)
Young Plan:The Young Plan was a program for settling Germany's World War I reparations written in August 1929 and formally adopted in 1930. It was presented by the committee headed (1929–30) by American industrialist Owen D. Young, creator and ex-first chairman of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), who, at the time, concurrently served on the board of trustees of the Rockefeller Foundation, and also had been one of the representatives involved in a previous war-reparations restructuring arrangement—the Dawes Plan of 1924. The Inter-Allied Reparations Commission established the German reparation sum at a theoretical total of 132 billion, but a practical total of 50 billion gold marks. After the Dawes Plan was put into operation in 1924, it became apparent that Germany would not willingly[citation needed] meet the annual payments over an indefinite period of time.[citation needed] The Young Plan reduced further payments by about 20 percent. Although the theoretical total was 112 billion Gold Marks, equivalent to US ca. $27 billion in 1929 (US$ 119 billion in 2020) over a period of 58 years,[1] which would end in 1988, few expected the plan to last for much more than a decade.[2] In addition, the Young Plan divided the annual payment, set at two billion Gold Marks, US $473 million, into two components: one unconditional part, equal to one third of the sum, and a postponable part, equal to the remaining two-thirds, which would incur interest and be financed by a consortium of American investment banks coordinated by J.P. Morgan & Co. (wiki article on young plan)
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the andes mountains are located in south American
Melancton Smith (anti-federalist): what sort of people in society would support this view? middle class because he's advocating for them to be represented in the gov.
