Maturation is a threat to internal validity stemming from either long-term or short-term physiological changes occurring within the participants that may influence the dependent variable.
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What are physiological changes?</h3>
Ageing causes physiological changes in all organ systems. Arteriosclerosis develops, blood pressure rises, and cardiac output declines. Lung function is compromised, vital capacity is reduced, and expiratory flow rates are slowed.
Pregnancy causes a number of physiological changes in the mother, such as an increase in fat and total body water, a drop in plasma protein concentrations, particularly albumin, an increase in blood volume, cardiac output, and blood flow to the kidneys, and a decrease in blood pressure.
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A form/branch of government independent from the law.
Answer:B Yes, as to the promise to respect the flag.
Explanation:The graduate is correct in terms of the promise to respect the flag , this part is unconstitutional so no one is forced to swear by it. However the she is wrong in the other two promises because those two are constitutional, The supreme Court does require that government employees uphold an oath to oppose any violent action that is meant to overthrow the government and they are required to uphold the state and Federal Constitution. This them makes the option A and C incorrect because in this regard the graduate isn't correct. Government can't however force an individual to show respect to the flag because someone may refuse to do due to their religious beliefs and as we know everyone has the right to freely pursue their religion of choice. Hence B is correct and D is incorrect.
