Explanation:
They are useful as they can predict the genetic probability of a particular phenotype arising in a couple's offspring. In other words, it can tell you if you will or will not have a certain trait.
Astronomers have seen stars forming within a nebular cloud. As the nebular cloud condenses and its own gravitational attraction collapses it, heat and energy build up creating a planet.
An effects of sympathetic stimulation are longer lasting and more widespread than the effects of anxiety (low vs. high) and stress (low vs. moderate vs. high) on test.
Everyone experiences sympathetic occasionally, but persistent anxiety can reduce your quality of life. Though likely best known for altering behavior, worry can have negative effects on our physical health. Anxiety speeds up our heartbeat and sympathetic, concentrating blood flow to the parts of our brains that need it. You are getting ready for a challenging situation by having this extremely bodily reaction. Test performance may be impacted by anxiety. According to studies, pupils with low levels of test anxiety perform better on multiple-choice question (MCQ) exams than pupils with high levels of anxiety. Studies have indicated that female students have greater levels of test anxiety than male students.
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Explanation:
- Light energy is absorbed and transferred to the reaction center.
- A water molecule is split.
- Electrons are transferred from photosystem II to photosystem I.
- ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
Output: ATP, NADPH, O2
Further Explanation:
Photosynthesis is a chemical pathway that’s integral to producing energy in plants and other primary producers. Energy in the form of molecules of glucose is produced from light, water and carbon dioxide while oxygen is released. This occurs in several complex steps, photosynthesis is a rate limited reaction, depends on several factors including carbon dioxide concentration, ambient temperature and light intensity; the energy is retrieved from photons, I.e. particles of light, and water is used as a reducing agent. This occurs in the thykaloids, where pigment molecules like chlorophyll reside.
The chloroplast is a membrane bound organelle found in plants. It contains several invaginations of a plasma membrane called the thylakoid membrane. This contains chlorophyll pigments, in stacks called granum, while the internal spaces of the organelle are called the lumen. Liquid surrounds the granum, forming the stroma.
During the light reaction:
- Light is absorbed by pigments in phosystem II (PSII). This energy is transferred among pigments til it gets to the reaction center, and is transferred to P680; this promotes an electron to a higher energy level where it then goes to an acceptor molecule.
- Water supplies the chlorophyll in plant cell with replacement electrons for the ones removed from photosystem II. Additionally, water (H2O) split by light during photolysis into H+ and OH- acts as a source of oxygen along with functioning as a reducing agent.
- the electron moves down an electron transport chain (to PS I)where it experiences continuous energy loss. This energy fuels the pumping of H+ from the stroma to thykaloid, leading to the formation of a gradient. The H+ move along their gradient and cross through ATP synthase, into the the stroma.
- ATP synthase converts ADP and Pi to the energy storage molecule ATP.
- The electron gets to photosystem I where it goes to pigments at P700. It absorbs light energy, the electron is promoted to a higher energy level, and passed to an electron acceptor. This leaves a space for another electron which is then replaced by one from photosystem II.
- in the ETC, the molecule NADP is reduced to NADPH by providing H+ ions. NADP and NADPH are integral to the Calvin cycle where monosaccharides or sugars like glucose are produced after the modification of several molecules.
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The order in which the earliest organisms evolved -
- Archaea and bacteria
- Protists
- Fungi and shell-less invertebrates
- Green algae
- Shelled Invertebrates
On the earth, various kinds of organisms evolve at different geological times, and on their evolution, they consider the oldest or youngest organisms:
- Archaebacteria and bacteria was the oldest living organism on earth was, they lacked a membrane-bound nucleus and cell.
- The protists evolved after the bacteria, they were multicellular prokaryotic organisms.
- Fungi and the shell-less invertebrate, much-developed organisms in terms of body organization and structure. These have membrane-bound, well-defined cell membranes, and a nucleus. They even had a tissue level of organization.
- Green algae evolve after protists which belong to the division Thallophyta of the plant kingdom. These are photosynthetic as they have chlorophyll in the cell.
- Shelled Invertebrates are the youngest organisms that evolved recently among these.
Thus, the correct order is -
- Archaea and bacteria
- Protists
- Fungi and shell-less invertebrates
- Green algae
- Shelled Invertebrates
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