Answer:
Redundant paths can be available without causing logical Layer 2 loops.
Explanation:
- Spanning Tree Protocol is used to allow redundancy in the Layer 2 switched networks without creating cycles/circles also called loops.
- These loops are called physical loops.
- When two parts of the switched network are connected via two or more Layer 2 switches this result in a loop.
- This affects the performance of the network as the result of broadcast packets flooding.
- STP puts one port of the switch to forward mode and the rest of the ports within the same part of the network to the blocking mode to avoid broadcast packet flooding. STP puts all the ports that are allowing redundant paths to block mode and the one port that is left after this is placed in forward mode.
- Spanning Tree Algorithm is used by STP to determine the optimal path of switch to the network.
- Bridge Protocol Data Units are used to share the information about the optimal path determined by the spanning tree algorithm with other switches.
- This information helps STP to eliminate the redundant paths.
- So this is how STP tracks all the links in the switched network and eliminates redundant loops by allowing only one active path to the destination while blocking all other paths.
Keep it simple... it holds whatever info' you want. would he/she understand?
Explanation:
Step one
The maximum size of data field in each fragment = 480
(because there are 20 bytes IP header) Thus the number of required
fragments 
thus the number of required fragment is 4
Step two
Each fragment will have identification number 291. each fragment except the last one will be of size 500 bytes (including IP header). the offset of the fragments will be 0, 60, 120, 180. each of the first 3 fragments will have
flag = 1; the last fragment will have flag =0
It's either a raise or a promotion.
