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Though I'm not entirely certain, I'm pretty sure your answers are correct.
The answer D seems the most reasonable
The type of sentence given is a compound sentence. It is a compound sentence because it consists of two independent sentences: "I already said yes to someone else" and "I can't go to the dance with you". In order to link the two sentences, the conjunction "because" is used.
Ethos, because it shows credibility of her being a teacher for a long time, which would make her a trustworthy source.
