It’s the second one
Reducing government spending
The atomic bomb dropped on Japan was justified under the circumstances because Japan would have never surrendered. I mean it took two bomb drops for them to even consider surrendering. The war would have been going on maybe months to a year longer. And the U.S. would have lost hundreds of civilians as well as military forces.
the loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen.
Representation is based on population, and the US has grown steadily. The number of senators allowed per state has been routinely reduced. Fewer and fewer representatives have been re-elected to additional terms.
The navigation act declared only English ships were allowed to bring goods into England