Animals are often individually consistent in their behavior, not only over time, but also across different functional contexts. Recent research has focused on phenotypic and evolutionary mechanisms explaining such personality differences through selection. Parasitism and predation induce important mortality and fitness costs, and are thus main candidates to create and maintain personality differences in the wild. Here, we present data on the behavioral consistency of the Eurasian minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) from two populations that live in different tributaries of the same river, but whose ecological environment differs fundamentally with regard to predation and parasitism. We experimentally demonstrate that individual minnow in both study populations are consistent in their boldness and activity. However, the two study populations differ notably: in the high predation and parasitism risk population fish show higher mean boldness, but tend to be less active than fish in low predation and parasitism risk population. Parasite (Diplostomum phoxini) load was negatively, but not statistically significantly, associated with fish activity level. Our study suggests that parasitism and predation are likely important agents in the ecology and evolution of animal personalities.
The options to this question are:
A. The strength of Mama's children
B. The hope in Walter's dream
C. The sour feelings among the characters
D. The need to embrace
The best answer is:
the lack of nourishment for the surviving plant in a raisin in the sun most likely reflects "The strength of Mama's children".
<span>A plant in a raisin basically represents a mama's dream that there will a day when she will have her own house with a small garden in the backyard.</span>
Answer:
Option A, most closely related to mammals
Explanation:
Insects like arthropods and molluscs have an open circulatory system and thus do have a distinguishable heart. Fish has two chambered heart. Reptiles have three chambered heart. Amphibians too have a three chambered heart.
All mammals and fish have four chambered heart. The right and left sides of the chambers have restricted entry and hence remain intact from each other
Hence, option A is correct
Answer:
Is this USA Test prep?
I believe that it is all except the 2nd one
Explanation:
When you breath oxygen enters your body and gets transported to your blood cells
