Answer:
The answer is explained below;
Explanation:
- Dehydration - A reaction builds polymers from monomers.
Macromolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, etc are made by joining small molecules (monomers). Dehydration is a process which combines monomers by covalent bonds to form polymers by releasing a molecule of water. This reaction requires energy. Here, the release of a water molecule occurs when two hydrogen atoms from one monomer combine with one oxygen from the other monomer or the hydrogen of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl group of another monomer. Proteins, nucleic acids such as DNA, etc examples of polymers formed by dehydration reaction.
- Hydrolysis- A reaction breaks down polymers into monomers.
Hydrolysis is a process which breaks down polymers into monomers by adding a molecule of water. This reaction release energy by breaking the bonds. When the polymer is broken into two components, one component receives a hydrogen atom and the other obtains a hydroxyl group from a water molecule. The digestion process of macromolecules like carbohydrate is an example of hydrolysis reaction.
- Nucleotide - A building block of polynucleotides such as DNA
It is an organic molecule that functions as the building block of polynucleotides such as DNA and RNA. It consists of a nucleoside (a nitrogenous base or nucleobase and a five-carbon sugar- ribose or deoxyribose) and a phosphate group. Nucleotides have roles in cell signaling, metabolism and energy production in cells, enzymatic reactions, etc.
- Polynucleotide - a polymer of nucleotides.
It is a biopolymer molecule consists of many nucleotide monomers that are covalently bonded to form a chain. The examples of polynucleotides are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) in which four nitrogenous bases are present i.e., in DNA they are guanine, adenine, cytosine and thymine and in RNA, uracil is used instead of thymine.
- Amino acid - a building block of polypeptides, such as the protein hemoglobin.
It is an organic molecule contains a basic amino group, an acidic carboxyl group, and an organic side chain (R group). The side chain is unique to each amino acid. Amino acids are the building blocks of polypeptides (proteins) and help in the synthesis of hormones and neurotransmitters.
- Polypeptide - a polymer of amino acids.
It is a short unbranched chain of amino acid sequence linked together by peptide bonds between the amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids. The different peptides are dipeptides, tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc and proteins are made by one or more polypeptide chains that support the cell structure.
- Monosaccharide - a building block of polysaccharides such as starch.
It is the simplest form of sugar which consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and cannot be broken down further. It is the building block of polysaccharides and includes aldoses, ketoses, etc.
- Polysaccharide - a polymer of monosaccharides.
Polysaccharides (oligosaccharides) are long-chain polymers formed by joining of monosaccharides together by glycosidic bonds. The examples of polysaccharides are cellulose (structural polysaccharide in plants), glycogen (the storage form of glucose in the human liver and muscles), starch (energy source obtained from plants), etc.
