Question

This refers to the French dynasty in the 6th-9th centuries, led by such people as Charles Martel and Charlemagne.

Answer 1

That would be the Carolingian dynasty.  "Carolingian" is a word stemming from medieval Latin, "karolingi," meaning "descendant of Charles."  ("Carol" and "Charles" are essentially the same name in different languages.)  So those who came after Charles Martel in his family line get the name "Carolingian."  

By the way, Charles "Martel" is Charles plus his nickname -- Carolus Martellus (in Latin) means "Charles The Hammer."  Think of it like a wrestlers' nickname, but here we're talking a strong warrior who rose to power by winning battles.

Charlemagne, the most famous member of the Carolingian dynasty, is "Carolus Magnus"  (in Latin) or "Charles the Great."   Personally, I like to call him "Big Chuckie" ... but I think I'm the only one who refers to him that way.  ;-)