Antigens are proteins that are found on the surface of the pathogen and are viruses, fungi, or bacteria. Nonliving substances such as toxins, chemicals, drugs, and foreign particles. Antigens are usually carried by proteins and polysaccharides, and less frequently, lipids but it also needs to be attached to a large carrier molecule which is usually a protein. When an antigen enters the body, the immune system produces antibodies against it. The Antigen stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies. YOUR WELCOME ;)
Answer:
all of the above can lead to increase in nitrogen
Answer:
They used radioactive labeling techniques to build two different types of phage.
Explanation:
In 1952, a set of experiments were carried out by American biochemists Alfred D. Hershey (1908-1997) and Martha Chase. They prepared two separate virus samples, one contained DNA labeled with a radioactive isotope and the other contained protein labeled with a different radioactive isotope. They grew the two types of viruses separately, infected bacteria with the two sets of phages and analyzed the bacteria for radioactivity. From the results obtained, Hershey and Chase concluded that the viral genetic material was DNA and not protein, reinforcing the observations previously made by Avery.
Answer:
this mutant will not be able to use lactose
Explanation:
The lac operon is a cluster of genes with the same promoter which are transcribed as a single messenger RNA (mRNA). The lac operon encodes different enzymes that are used by the bacteria to obtain energy from lactose. The LacI gene is required for producing a repressor protein that binds to the promoter of the operon in order to inactivate its transcription (i.e., by preventing RNA polymerase from binding). A mutation in this gene prevents from its binding to lactose and it becomes inactive to the Lac operon.