Answer: any large ancient Roman agricultural estate that used a large number of peasant or slave laborers.
The best reason as to why the caliphs demonstrated religious tolerance to Jews and Christians would be because "D. the caliphs knew freedom of worship led to an overall stronger empire," since allowing people to worship freely meant that they were less likely to rebel against the state.
A. an account of the impact of human behavior on the environment
Explain further maybe... otherwise I could help better!