With a country as big as Russia, it is hard to give you an accurate estimation. Siberia is known for some of the coldest winters in the world, reaching a very dangerous -35 degrees Celsius. The north pole of cold has a record breaking -69 degree celsius winters. over 65% of Russia is covered by permafrost. There is a humid continental climate as well.
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An example of a calcium carbonate deposit in the lithosphere is Gabbro and basalt are classified as igneous rocks.
Well if you mean what does the controlled part of a scientific investigation, it is the part of the investigation that will be your control or your base, untouched, original, data and such.
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The physical geography of a site