Question

In what ways did European monarchs disappoint the philosophes and other Enlightenment figures? How did they disappoint democratic reformers?

Answer 1

Explanation:

The structures of absolute monarchy and the authoritarian state [the Christian Church], who were the dominating sources of governance and learning, were attacked by Enlightenment philosophers, who thought that reason will lead to general and absolute truths. The excesses of both institutions were the basis for this critique.