What is the formula for calculating the average of cells C2 through C30?
1 answer:
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Answer & Explanation:
1.
_Attack A: One way property of hash means that we can't find the input string if given the hash value. The calculation of hash from input string is possible but it is not possible to calculate the input string when given the hash. If the hash function is properly created to have one-way property then there is no way of finding the exact input string. So this attack won't work as the one-way property of hash function can't be broken if hash function is properly created.
_Attack B: Suppose h() is the hash function. And h(x) = m where x is the string and m is the hash. Then trying to find another string y such that h(y) = m is called finding out the second pre-image of the hash.
Although we can't know the exact initial string for sure, we can by using brute force method find out a second pre-image.
This attack will take a very long time. It has the time complexity of . It requires the attacker to have an idea about the kind of passwords that might be used and then brute force all of them to find string that has the same hash. Each try will have a chance of 1/
to succeed.
Rainbow attack using rainbow table is often used for such brute force attack. This comprises a rainbow table which contains passwords and their pre-hashed values.
Therefore, it is not possible to determine the second preimages of h so easily.
_Attack C: Collisions refer to finding out m and m' without knowing any of them. Finding out collisions is easier than finding preimages. This is because after finding out pairs of input/output. The probability of two of them having the same output or hash becomes very high. The disadvantage is that we can't decide which user's hash to break. However if I do not care about a particular user but want to get as many passwords as possible, then this method is the most feasible.
It has time complexity of /2.
Hence, this is the attack which has most success rate in this scenario.
2.
The brute force way of finding out the password usually involves using a rainbow attack. It comprises a rainbow table with millions of passwords and their hashes already computed. By matching that table against the database, the password can be recovered.
Therefore it is often preferred to salt the password. It means we add some random text to the password before calculating the hash.
The salts are usually long strings. Although users usually do not select long passwords, so a rainbow table with hashes of smaller passwords is feasible. But once salt is used, the rainbow table must accommodate for the salt also. This makes it difficult computationally. Although password might be found in the rainbow table. The salt can be anything and thus, make brute force a LOT more difficult computationally.
Therefore salt is preferred to be added to passwords before computing their hash value.
3.
A hash output length of 80 means there can be exactly different hash values. This means there is at least one collision if
+1 random strings are hashed because
values are used to accommodate all the possible strings. It is not hard with today's computation power do match against more than this many strings. And doing so, increases the probability of exposing a probable password of an user.
Hence, 80 is not a very secure value for the hash length.