<span>a. They demanded similar representation in their government
</span>
Several societies such as the London corresponding society emerged in the 18th century, fueled by enlightenment thoughts and radically agitated for more political freedoms, and an end to nobility rule. English reformers were labelled Jacobin.
<span /><span />
<span>The primary reason why the US had become so
incredibly divided to the point of no return by 1860 was because the US
had expanded its territory so dramatically, and it had to be determined
whether each new state was to be slave or free--practically dividing the
nation in two. </span>
In philosophy, Chinese Buddhism had diminished its influence, but maintained its relationship with the arts and the charity of the monasteries. Buddhism had a profound influence on the threatened neo-Confucianism, led by Cheng Yi (1033-1107) and Zhu Xi (1130-1200). Mayahana Buddhism influenced Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi through its concept of ethical universalism, while Buddhist metaphysics had a profound impact on Cheng Yi's pre-neo-Confucian doctrine. In turn, the philosophical work of Chen Yi It influenced Zhu Xi. Although his writings were not accepted by his contemporaries, Zhu's commentaries and emphasis on the Confucian classics of the Four Books as an introductory corpus to the teaching of Confucius formed the basis of neo-Confucian doctrine. Around the year 1241, under the patronage of Emperor Lizong, the Four Books of Zhu Xi and their commentaries on them became the standard requirements of the study for students attempting to pass civil service examinations. The countries located east of Japan and Korea also adopted the teachings of Zhu Xi, known as Shushigaku (朱子学, Zhu Xi School) in Japan, and in Korea as Jujahak (주자학).
