Answer:
London smog results from a high concentration of sulfur oxides in the air and is caused by the use of sulfur-bearing fossil fuels, particularly coal. This type of smog is aggravated by dampness and a high concentration of delayed particulate matter in the air.
Explanation:
So, the answer would be B or D.
But, it is most likely B due to dampness.
I'm sure if you look it up on Google it should give you an answer
Answer:
The S phase (Synthesis phase)
- DNA replication takes place during the S-phase of interphase, creating two identical sets of DNA. The DNA coils and condenses into units known as chromosomes during the start of mitosis. The two identical sister chromatids that make up each chromosome are joined by a centromere.
<h2>How does DNA replication work?</h2>
The biological process of creating two identical copies of DNA from a single original DNA molecule is known as DNA replication.
A double helix of two complementary strands makes up DNA. These strands are split apart in the replication process. The method of semi-conservative replication uses each strand of the original DNA molecule as a template to create its counterpart.
Several enzymes that carry out this process are given below, along with their activities.
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- DNA Dependent DNA POLYMERASE is a class of enzymes that is responsible for all organisms' DNA replication processes. It accelerates DNA replication in the 5′ to 3′ range.
- The enzyme known as TOPOISOMERASE is involved in the over- or under-winding of DNA.
- HELICASE—Using the energy from ATP hydrolysis, which is characterized by the breakdown of hydrogen bonds between annealed nucleotide bases, helicases are frequently employed to separate the strands of a DNA double helix or a self-annealed RNA molecule.
- DNA GYRASE, a particular kind of topoisomerase, relieves strain caused by DNA helicase's unwinding action.
- DNA LIGASE- Joins the OKAZAKI FRAGMENT of the lagging strand and re-anneals the semi-conservative strands.
- PRIMASE - Primase catalyzes the production of a short primer, which is a ssDNA template-specific piece of RNA (or DNA in other species).
REPLICATION FORK -(Attachment #1)
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REPLICATION PROCESS -
- INITIATION - The beginning of DNA replication takes place at certain locations in the DNA molecule known as ori-sites or regions. Enzymes often recognize these locations and initiate the process. As opposed to C-G base pairs, which produce three hydrogen bonds, A-T base pairs only form two hydrogen bonds, making them easier to strand split. As a result, these sites are typically "AT-rich" (rich in adenine and thymine bases). Following the discovery of the origin, enzymes create a pre-replication complex that unzips the double-stranded DNA. The enzyme topoisomerase is involved in this process.
- Elongation - The 5'-3' activity of the DNA polymerase enzyme. Now, a new strand was created by DNA polymerase enzymes in the direction of 5′ to 3′ (note: the DNA template is read in 3' to 5' direction). RNA primers were simultaneously created by the primase enzyme and utilized by the polymerase to create new strands of RNA.
As DNA polymerase enzyme has 5′ - 3′ direction so two types of strand are form -
LEADING STRAND - A DNA polymerase with high processivity that has the direction 5′ - 3′ (template strand 3′-5′) extends the continuous strand from the primer in the same direction as the replication fork that is expanding. One RNA primer is applied to the leading strand.
LAGGING STRAND - It is the discontinuous strand whose synthesis is going in the opposite direction of the replication fork that is developing. Each primer extends the lagging strand intermittently to create Okazaki fragments. A low processivity DNA polymerase that is different from the replicative polymerase enters to fill the gaps after RNase eliminates the priming RNA pieces. Multiple primers are applied to the lagging strand, and then the Okazaki fragments are joined by the ligase enzyme, filling in the gaps.
TERMINATION - Replication forks meet and end at several locations throughout the chromosome because eukaryotes start DNA replication at various locations; it is unknown how these are controlled. Termination necessitates the halting or blocking of the DNA replication fork's forward motion. When termination occurs at a particular locus, it includes the interaction of two elements: (1) a DNA sequence known as a termination site sequence, and (2) a protein that binds to this region to actually cease DNA replication.
#SPJ2
Answer:
Since Uranus and Neptune are smaller and have bigger orbits, it was harder for them to collect hydrogen and helium as efficiently as Jupiter and Saturn. This likely explains why they are smaller than those two planets. There are dozens of moons around the giant planets.
Explanation:
The statement is true. Digestion of food molecules in the digestive system in the gastrointestinal tract does not require coupling of ATP hydrolysis; but instead requires enzymes that speed up the spontaneous reaction. Enzyme digest specific food substrates at different parts of the digestive system until the final useful products of these enzymatic reactions are absorbed to the body metabolism.