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THE PORTUGUESE IN THE INDIAN OCEAN 1497-1557. In 1497 the Portuguese exploded onto the scene in the Indian Ocean. They came first as explorers and stayed as conquerors. ... But, by controlling the entrances and exits to and from the area, Portugal could dominate the area economically and control the spice trade.
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B. Africas economies crashed because of their lack of natural resources
They used the stars to guide them, in the northern hemisphere Polaris is always to the north. They can also use where the sun and moon rise and set. Rises in the east sets in the west.
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As Islam spread in Mecca, the ruling tribes began to oppose Muhammad's preaching and his condemnation of idolatry. The Quraysh tribe controlled the Kaaba and drew their religious and political power from its polytheistic shrines, so they began to persecute the Muslims and many of Muhammad's followers became martyrs.
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