In human gene therapy, a genetically modified virus (a.k.a. a viral vector) can alter the genetic variation of a cell, but not all viral vectors do.
The process often begins with the delivery of or creation of a segment of viral double stranded DNA (containing the gene you want to introduce). Then typically an enzyme known as an integrase cuts the ends of the segment of viral DNA and also cuts open the cell's DNA. Then the viral DNA is integrated/ inserted into the cell's DNA. The connecting ends are ligated together and adjusted so that the nucleotide base pairs match up.
This in the future may affect the gene pool for instance if the viral DNA (your gene) was inserted in the middle of another gene or important regulatory sequence of the cell DNA, and this alteration may be passed on into offspring and become present in the gene pool, which could have bad effects.
The effects on the gene pool really depends on what the virus ends up doing. For example, it may fix the function of a damaged gene which is the goal, and allow for a working gene to be in the gene pool, which would be good. The problem with gene therapy is that it's difficult to predict 100% what the virus will do every time it is given to a patient.
But it's very important to consider that it will only affect the gene pool if the virus is able to enter and alter germ cells (reproductive cells). If the virus, enters somatic cells (regular body cells) this will not be passed on to future generations. So viruses can be designed to avoid germ cells and avoid this gene pool issue. Also, some viral vectors use viruses that do not integrate their DNA, the cells just express the viral DNA (create the desired protein from it) and over time the viral DNA is degraded/ lost which wouldn't pose this threat.
This is long, but I hope it helped!
Correct option b) A saturated fatty acid
When only one double bond in the molecules that is also known as monounsaturated fat. If there is more than one double bond that is known as polyunsaturated fat.
Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more than one carbon- carbon band double bonds. That indicates the maximum possible numbers of hydrogen atoms are bonds to each carbon in the molecule. These carbon form double bonds with the carbons next to them.
Alkenes contain carbon- carbon double bonds and unsaturated hydrocarbons with the molecular formula is Cn H2n. This is made of chains where some carbon atoms are not fully saturated with hydrogen atoms.
To learn more about polyunsaturated fat here
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Answer:
Calvin cycle is your answer.
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ovule, plant structure that develops into a seed when fertilized. ... A small opening (the micropyle) in the integuments permits the pollen tube to enter and discharge its sperm nuclei into the embryo sac, a large oval cell in which fertilization and development occur.
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They may have som bad side effects such as nausea, indigestion, vomiting etc. Also the bacteria change or adapt if not taken correctly so they are no longer affected by the antibiotic.
