By studying a particular species .
The answer is, d. consists of circular DNA molecule . The circular DNA is found in bacterias and archeas (which are prokaryotic organisms). The picture shows bacterial chromosome.
Cartilaginous fish do not contain any bones - their skeleton is made up of cartilage.
They basically do most of the work in the cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. (made up of thousands of smaller units called amino acids)
Biological macromolecules are synthesized by dehydration
synthesis reactions and are broken down by hydrolysis
reactions.
<h3>What are Biological macromolecules?</h3>
These are formed from smaller compounds and are necessary
for proper life functions of cells. Examples of these
macromolecules include:
Dehydration synthesis involves the loss of water molecules in
the process while hydrolysis reaction involves the addition of
water molecules.
Read more about Macromolecules here brainly.com/question/5246898
