Explanation:
Model for Psychological Problems
Psychological or mental problems are seen as consequences of maladaptive strategies which were most often learned in an infancy spent under less than ideal conditions. In many cases it is even justified to speak of survival strategies. Different psychopathological models (behavioural, interpersonal, humanistic, psychodynamic, and systemic) are more or less useful in illuminating different aspects of such functioning, which have variable weight depending on the patient and the problem. It is assumed, that, of course, the neurobiological basis plays a role in co-determining abilities, thresholds in emotion regulation, and more. It is, however, hard to imagine, that within the next few years a major part of the premises in a psychotherapist’s decision-making in practice would be determined by neurobiological concepts (Caspar, 2015).
Plan analysis is a method for analyzing and representing the current state, that is the resulting instrumental strategies. There are some guiding questions of particular relevance: Examples of maladaptive coping strategies include avoidance behaviors like drinking, emotional numbing, gambling, and social withdrawal. Emotional masking, negative judgments, overcompensation, and relying on the same approach over and over to similar situations are also forms of maladaptive copingLead exposure can have serious consequences for the health of children. At high levels of exposure, lead attacks the brain and central nervous system to cause coma, convulsions and even death. ... Lead exposure also causes anaemia, hypertension, renal impairment, immunotoxicity and toxicity to the reproductive organsPeople can become exposed to lead through occupational and environmental sources. This mainly results from:
inhalation of lead particles generated by burning materials containing lead, for example, during smelting, recycling, stripping leaded paint, and using leaded gasoline or leaded aviation fuel; and
ingestion of lead-contaminated dust, water (from leaded pipes), and food (from lead-glazed or lead-soldered containers).
An additional source of exposure is the use of certain types of unregulated cosmetics and medicines. High levels of lead have, for example, been reported in certain types of kohl, as well as in some traditional medicines used in countries such as India, Mexico and Viet Nam. Consumers should therefore take care only to buy and use regulated products.
Young children are particularly vulnerable to lead poisoning because they absorb 4–5 times as much ingested lead as adults from a given source. Moreover, children’s innate curiosity and their age-appropriate hand-to-mouth behaviour result in their mouthing and swallowing lead-containing or lead-coated objects, such as contaminated soil or dust and flakes from decaying lead-containing paint. This route of exposure is magnified in children with a psychological disorder called pica (persistent and compulsive cravings to eat non-food items), who may, for example pick away at, and eat, leaded paint from walls, door frames and furniture. Exposure to lead-contaminated soil and dust resulting from battery recycling and mining has caused mass lead poisoning and multiple deaths in young children in Nigeria, Senegal and other countries.
Once lead enters the body, it is distributed to organs such as the brain, kidneys, liver and bones. The body stores lead in the teeth and bones where it accumulates over time. Lead stored in bone may be remobilized into the blood during pregnancy, thus exposing the fetus. Undernourished children are more susceptible to lead because their bodies absorb more lead if other nutrients, such as calcium or iron, are lacking. Children at highest risk are the very young (including the developing fetus) and the economically disadvantaged