The answer is After the response.
Reinorcement and punishment need to be associated within the person's mind after he/she complete a certain behavior/response.
After it's all associated, that person will develop a tendency to conduct the conditioned behavior because he/she associated that behavior with positive outcome.
Answer:
Italy's soil and mild climate helped the Romans in growing surplus olive and grain.
Hummm....I'm not sure but it is 1,2... One of them... Sorryy...
It was sort of like a catalyst for the industrial revolution. That, in turn, allowed Americans to make things at a more efficient rate.
