Okay, so obviously nuclear weapons proved to be a threat that would possibly destroy the world. The Soviet Union and the United States build up a stockpile of nuclear weapons and used the fact that the world may be destroyed to keep the other country at bay.
Harsh and extremely cold winter was the main geographical factor that added to German losses at Stalingrad.
Russia is well-known for its cold winters and many people from Western Europe even nowadays complain about severe weather conditions while visiting this country. Thus, this is not surprising, that cold weather became a serious obstacle on the way of Germans.
The agreement that president enters which does not require the consent of the Senate are referred to as executive agreement.
The officer who presides over Senate when vice president is not present is president of pro tempore and he should be an officer who is chosen by members of Senate. Advises and consent is when the Senate approves the presidential nominees to cabinet members or courts.
The Senate power of consent and advice does not apply to executive orders. Legislative process and a house of representative they approve a bill to become a law.