If were talking the book and not the song James J. I think the "J" is Joyce
The correct answer is A.) an export of Western culture.
It is not the most popular one because the most popular ones are the free market and famous brands as well as music and movies and things like that. It is not the economic basis for it because there are western countries that fully democratic and yet have more socialist tendencies when it comes to economy so the two are not as related. It is not accepted into the Middle east, or at least not in all countries.
The philosophies of individualism and secularism were similar during the European Renaissance because d) each philosophy deemphasized the importance of religion. This was because individualism emphasized that the individual could make their own choices (without influence from the government or the church) and secularism emphasized living a life without the church (or the influence of the church).