The 3Rs by Russell and Burch are known to be the "alternative methods" to improve the treatment of laboratory animals, at the same time to advance the quality of science that uses animals for studies.
The 3Rs are Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement. Replacement is defined as minimizing the pain and suffering of the animals used in research. Reduction is for reducing the number of animals being used, and using healthier animals. Replacement is using alternative to animals such as tissue cultures and computer models.
Radical criminology and peacemaking criminology
When you think of a channel think of trade. Or boats going up and down a stream, a channel is a body of water.
The New Jersey plan proposed this.
They proposed this, because they wanted smaller states to have equal powers in the government with the larger states. The other plan proposed was the Virginia plan. They wanted the states to have votes proportional to the population. However, the small states didn't like this because they would have less power in the government.
Eventually, they decided on a compromise, with the Senate following the New Jersey plan of each state getting equal representation, and the House of Representatives following the Virginia plan of votes proportional to the population.
Identical twins have exactly the same genotype, including sex.
It is not possible to have identical twins of various genders. Identical twins are all the time of a similar sex since they frame from a solitary zygote that contains either male (XY) or female (XX) sex chromosomes. Children boy/girl twins can't be identical twins. A lady's odds of having identical twins are not identified with age, race or family history.
