(a) very frequent use of something so that it stops being effective; an over-use.
For example: GGATACCTAGGTAAT
Insertion: GGAT<u>G</u>ACCTAGGTAAT
a nucleotide that was not present before is inserted into the original sequence
Substitution: <u>C</u>GATACCTAGGTAAT
the first nucleotide was substituted in for another (C for G)
Frameshift (basically a insertion or deletion, we'll try deletion here): GATACCTAGGTAAT
the first nucleotide was deleted, causing the reading frame to be shifted (instead of GGA as the first codon, we have GAT)
1. Non random mating
In genetic equilibrium individuals must mate at random. However, in many species, individuals select mates based on heritable traits, such as size, strength, or coloration, a practice known as sexual selection.
2. Small population size
Genetic drift does not have major effects on large populations but can affect small populations. Thus evolutionary change due to genetic drift happens more easily in small populations.
<span>3. Immigration or Emigration
Individuals who join a populations may introduce new alleles into the gene pool. Likewise individuals who leave may remove alleles from the gene pool. Any movement of individuals into (immigration) or out of (emigration) a population can disrupt genetic equilibrium, a process know as gene flow.
4. Mutations
Individuals who join a populations may introduce new alleles into the gene pool. Likewise individuals who leave may remove alleles from the gene pool. Any movement of individuals into (immigration) or out of (emigration) a population can disrupt genetic equilibrium, a process know as gene flow.
5. Natural Selection
if different genotypes have different fitness, genetic equilibrium will be disrupted, and evolution will occur.</span>
Answer:
evolution of bidepadlism,
increase in enamel thickness,
regular use of stone tools, enlargement of brain to around 1,450 cc
Explanation:
