They are both external and internal can cause a response or resulting reaction
Carbohydrates - Sugars
Lipids - Fats
Proteins - Enzymes, Amino Acids
Nucleic Acid - DNA and RNA
Answer:
To study ancient climates using ice, scientists use data from polar mountain glaciers.
Explanation:
From the analysis and interpretation of natural traces, scientists describe the climate for hundreds to millions of years. Data derived from tree rings, ice cores, corals and ocean sediments, caves, among others, are observed. It is possible to gather these data with geophysical or biological measurements and some reconstructed climatic variables, such as temperature and rain level.
Polar mountain glacier data can be analyzed in laboratories to measure the amount of oxygen and methane, in addition to other parameters that help to indicate climatic variations. NASA researchers started Paleoclimatology in the 19th century, studying precisely the expansion of ice caps.
Answer:
All four complexes pump protons out of the mitochondrial matrix
Explanation:
What differs are the biochemical processed by which each complex pumps out the protons. Only ATP synthase pumps proton from the intermembrane space to the matrix. This is as it harnesses the proton motive force, created by the other complexes, to generate ATP molecules.
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