Athenian democracy developed around the 6th century BC in the Greek city-state (known as a polis)
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Cultural exchange and the change in global population are the immediate consequences of the columbian exchange. Proliferation of invasive species and some communicable diseases are the most important byproducts of the columbian exchange.
African Americans, carpetbaggers and scalawags comprised the Republican Party's largest Southern constituency during Reconstruction. The Scalawags were the white Southerners who backed the Reconstruction policies and were usually Union loyalists during the Civil War. Carpetbaggers were the Northerners who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era mostly for economic and political gains.
Federalism is the separation of state and national government's powers. One of the reasons that the Civil War occurred was over the debate of state vs. national powers.
May I see the answers you can choose from? This is likely to be a multiple choice question, and I can't help without knowing the full question.