<span>The Church faced many challenges during this century. Three of the most important were heresies, the Black Death, and the Great Schism.</span>
'Within living memory' - ie a witness to the event, grandparent, etc
'Written / photographic account' - ie the event has been recorded either on paper or on film
'Other evidence' - eg archeological dig and interpretation of the results.
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What cartoon are you referring too?
