Light energy is transferred to a chlorophyll reaction center where electrons become energized.
- A protein in the electron transport chain, pumps H+ ions from the stroma into the thylakoid space
- Electrons from the electron transport chain close to photosystem II replace the elctrons lost in photosystem I
- Electrons from Photosystem I become energized and escape photosystem I and move down the second electron transport chain.
- H+ ions flow down the concentration gradient through a channel in ATP Synthase, releasing energy in the process
- Electrons move down the electron transport chain, releasing energy
- Electrons move to an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain and electrons in photosystem II are replaced by the splitting of a water molecule
- Photosystem II receives photons in the form of light energy
- Water is split to replace the electrons in photosystem II
- At the end of the electron transport chain, the energized electrons and an H+ ion are used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH
- ATP uses energy to add a phosphate to ADP forming ATP
Answer:
All organisms are made of four types of carbon-based molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These molecules have different structures and functions, but all are formed around carbon chains and rings.
Carbon-based molecules have three fundamental structures—straight chains, branched chains, and rings.
<span>The lateral aspect of the middle third of the vastus laterals muscle. This muscle is the preferred injection site because it is free of major blood vessels and nerves and is large enough to absorb the medication.</span>
Invertebrates and fish that eat dead organic matter will be most abundant in the<u> benthic zone of freshwater lakes.</u>
In a marine water body, the most lowest zone in terms of ecology is called benthic zone. It name comes from the Greek letter βένθος which means 'depths'.
In this zone, sediments lay down at floor of the sea and provide essential nutrients and minerals to the organisms living in this zone.
Benthic zone, also referred to as ecological zone, possesses peculiar characteristics such as high pressure and low temperature.
The sediments of this zone recycle the nutrients and help in the survival of aquatic organisms.
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