Action potentials (i.e. nerve impulses) occur in several types of animal cells<span>, called </span>excitable cells<span>, which include </span>neurons<span>, </span>muscle cells<span>, </span>endocrine<span> cells, and in some </span>plant cells<span>. </span><span>It takes around 40 action potentials for a smell sensation to be reported.</span>
Hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces!
Common examples of this would be if you place your hand in extremely warm or cold water, and an immediate response of pulling out of the water or any fluid, is an example of this extreme response, other responses are what is done in everyday, like being thirsty or hungry etc.
These behaviours are shared by all organisms even the most simple ones.
Crossing over gives the offspring sort of a genetic variation twist. This will mix our two genes and make them diverse, but together.
The epidermal tissue would form a boundary between the plant and it's environment so it probably wouldn't prevent asexual reproduction. Predation doesn't making sense because it's a plant, not an animal prey. Water loss is the best answer because the thick boundary prevents some water from evaporating.
