The Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are groups of plants with seed, which means that they don’ t necessary acquire water for fertilization. These groups have made adaptations for sexual reproduction on dry land.
1) Gymnosperms (plants with the seeds are not enclosed in an ovary) have developed over the course of its evolution, structures that solved the main limitations present in the Pteridophytes in relation to sexual reproduction, in the terrestrial environment. The main changes that happened as an evolutionary adaptation to dry land are those on the seeds and pollen. The advantages of the seeds are: the storage tissue which sustains growth and a protective coat of the seeds. Seed is enveloped with the layers of hardened tissue which prevents desiccation. This is what frees reproduction from the need for a constant supply of water. <span>The sperm (male gamete) of gymnosperms</span> is enclosed in a pollen grain. Thi structure is protected from desiccation and can reach the female organs without dependence on water. Gymnosperms also developed structures called cupules to enclose and protect the ovule (the female gametophyte) which will develop into a seed upon fertilization.
2) Angiosperms are a group of plants which protect their seeds within an ovary called a fruit. Angiosperms have special evolutionary adaptations. For example, they produce their gametes in separate organs, usually in a flower, so the fertilization and embryo development takes place inside an anatomical structure. That provides a stable system of sexual reproduction largely sheltered from environmental fluctuations like water need.
Buffers in our blood are able to neutralize changes in the bloods pH.
A good topic idea that could be used can be about ecosystems. Such as how geographic area, plants, animals, weather and landscape make up the types of organisms in that specific ecosystem.
Algae doesnt classify as a plant because they don’t necessarily have roots, stems, or leaves
The frequency of the recessive allele for the left handle will be in this case equal to q^2 = 0.25 >> q = 0.5.
<h3>What is the Hardy Weinberg principle?</h3>
The Hardy Weinberg principle is a model used in population genetics to estimate genotypic and allele frequencies.
The Hardy Weinberg principle states that the sum of the dominant allele and the recessive allele in a population is equal to 1 (p + q = 1).
This principle also states p2 + q2 + 2pq = 1, where p^2 is the dominant homo-zygous allele, 2pq the heterozygous frequency and q^2 the recessive homo-zygous frequency.
In this case, 9 individuals represent 25% (q^2 = 0.25), thereby the feecuency of q is equal to √0.25 = 0.5.
Learn more about the HW principle here:
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