Answer: The modern story of racially biased policing begins with the Drug Enforcement Agency’s (DEA) Operation Pipeline, which starting in 1984 trained 25,000 state and local police officers in 48 states to recognize, stop, and search potential drug couriers. Part of that training included considering the suspects’ race.In the 1990s, civil rights organizations challenged the use of racial profiles during routine traffic stops, calling them a form of discrimination. In response, the U.S. Department of Justice argued that using race as an explicit profile produced more efficient crime control than random stops. Over the past decade, however, basic social science research has called this claim into question.
The black -subculture-of- violence thesis has been most fully developed by Wolfgang and Ferracuti (Peterson, 56). Based on research conducted in inner-city Philadelphia in the mid-1950s Keith (Keith, 778) attempt to bring together "psychological and sociological constructs to aid in the explanation of the concentration of violence in specific socio-economic groups and ecological areas." They argue that certain segments of society have adopted distinctively violent subcultural values.There is a paradox in the sociological and criminological literature: the black subculture of violence is perhaps one of the most cited, but one of the least tested, theses. On one hand, the black - subculture-of- violence thesis is widely cited in introductory sociology and criminology textbooks (Peterson, 56). On the other hand, the past three decades have seen a dearth of empirical studies testing the thesis. The preponderance of empirical studies has examined its equally famous thesis--the southern subculture of violence (Peterson, 56)--while neglecting the black -subculture-of- violence thesis. The sparse attention given to the latter thesis has resulted in an imprecise use of the race-- violence association.
Explanation: This is all that I know and found so I hope this helps.
