Question

In this country, probation began with the innovative work of jeremy bentham, an english boot-maker, who was the first to provide bail for defendants under the authority of the london police court in 1841.

Answer 1

False.

That statement is false on a number of levels.  Jeremy Bentham was not a boot maker.  He was born to a wealthy family and was studying Latin by age three. He trained as a lawyer and became famous as a philosopher.  Oh, and he died in 1832, so he wasn't doing much of anything in 1841.   He is famous as one of the founders of Utilitarianism as an ethical theory.  He also did philosophical work in regard to criminal justice and prisons.  He proposed what he called the "Panopticon" as a design for prisons, in which all inmates can be observed from a central guard position.