Answer:
Causal association is defined as two events in which one event leads to the cause/development of the second event such as the consumption of trans-fats and the onset of heart disease. In order to show the causal association, it is necessary to ensure that the 3 criteria of temporality, consistency, and strength are satisfied with respect to the relationship between consumption of trans fats and heart disease. According to this example involving the relationship between trans-fats and heart disease, temporality could be satisfied if one is consuming an excessive amount of foods containing trans-fats such asFrench fries, and who then ends up suffering from heart disease. In order to fulfill the criteria of strength, statistical tests would need to be performed in order to establish that there is a positive correlation between the individuals who consume trans-fats 10 times per week are shown to develop and require treatment for heart disease 90% of the time. Lastly, consistency may be fulfilled by showing that the same results are occurring despite applying the same testing measures on different groups of individuals during various increments. By applying the same tests on different groups, the chances of creating false-positives within the study can be significantly lowered. Numerous studies can be used to determine whether meaningful statements regarding the causal relationship between two factors can be established. By performing multiple studies on individuals’ eating habits and their health outcomes, researchers may then determine whether a relationship exists between the health challenges that they are faced with and the items that they consume.
Explanation:
Circulatory system and nucleus
Answer:
The smallest unit of matter is an atom.
Explanation:
It is an atom because an atom is the smallest thing, that has weight and takes up space.
Answer:
A. Air
Explanation:
Abiotic factors are things that are not living.
Air can be found in a rain forest ecosystem, as it can be found in all ecosystems, but it is not living.
On the other hand, algae, flowers, and animals are biotic instead of abiotic because they are living things.
So, A is the correct answer.
Answer:
During cellular respiration, a glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Along the way, ATP is produced directly in the reactions that transform glucose. However, more ATP is later produced in a process called oxidative phosphorylation.
