They did it by being better than anyone else at metalworking. They had a strong and developed iron industry and they traded a lot with other nations so they could amass large amounts of wealth. They also made textile out of cotton and had large amounts of gold, so it was easy for them to become dominant.
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The thought that if one major city or country fell to communism then all the smaller and medium sized countries would fall to communism until finally it took america as its last country.
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He was elected four times but died before his inauguration
