Answer:
Since the debt crisis, the idea that public credit is the first step aimed at the loss of national sovereignty through an economic intervention has expanded. China Qing and the Ottoman Empire were caught in the vicious circle of debt
It is a very similar story that two of the most powerful empires of the pre-modern era became states that depend on international credit in the industrial age. Qing China and the Ottoman Empire suffered a long period of decline that ended their imperial status by 1840.
Explanation:
The two countries suffered some kind of crisis towards the second half of the century that pushed them towards indebtedness abroad, which would lead to the contracting of debt in international markets in order to cope with their long decline, and with the hope of modernize their industry. Following that debt would lead them to accept, foreign intervention.
During the war, the Turks, without an army with the power to confront the Egyptians, had to request the help of their former enemies, forcing the intervention of Britain and Russia. International aid was not free, and its price was through the Balta Treaty, where Turkey agrees to adopt a free market system, withholding taxes on imports.
The case of the Qing dynasty in China was very similar. By 1820, the empire showed symptoms of clear economic damage. Stuck in an extremely restrictive trading system, through which all international trade demanded through the Cohong guild, China collided with Western interests during the First Opium War. The defeat marked the beginning of a long process of decline.
City-states in ancient Greece
They were called "Polis", every Polis produced enough to feed their population. They had their own institutions, laws, currency and army. The belief was that each Polis was protected by their own God, who should they owe respect and sacrifice.
They were ruled by an elite group whose authority was indisputable.
Examples of the two most important city-states that practiced oligarchy in ancient Greece
- Athenas: the government was form by the wealthiest. They were the owners of the land and they had the means to buy weapons to defend the Polis. They formed children in a fisical and intelectual ways. The society in Athena was divided into the
- citizens: divided between the rich and the poor
- metecos: foreing people who where not consider citizens, but they could pay taxes and be part of the army.
- slaves: men and women submitted to a master.
Athenian politics evolved to democracy
- Sparta: it was the rival city of Athenas. It was always ready to go to war. The military education started since childhood. They were forced to take a military politic in the face of constant need to dominate peoples submitted as a result of its territorial expansion.
The obsession with militarization was such, that newborn babies were checked to fulfill with physical patterns of a warrior, if they were not, they were slaughtered.
It was a government by the nobles.
Spartan society was divided into
- Ilotas: slaves without political rights, workers of the land
- Periecos: free farmers, but they must be part of the army if they are needed.
- Espartiatas: nobles, those who took part in politics
Answer:
No not quite try looking on google
